Robert Remak was a Jewish biologist and embryologist who was marginalized despite his important discoveries in several areas of biology, due to systemic cultural antisemitism in 19th-century Prussia. 

 

His Jewish heritage subjected him to discriminatory policies in academia, such as restrictions on professorial appointments for Jewish scholars and the requirement of special government approval to hire Jewish professors. These legal barriers led to significant delays in his academic advancement.

 

Additionally, antisemitism within the university’s faculty meant that Remak’s contributions were downplayed, causing him to be denied a livable salary. This lack of institutional support and recognition forced him to rely on private medical practice for income.